You're right that fishes eyes see differently to humans but a lot of fish, including pike, have rods and cones so they are able to see colours. It may also be that their eyes are attuned to things we can't see, such as UV, but the fact that they can differentiate between colours says to me that it must have some sort of influence on predators using sight as their primary hunting technique.
How much of an influence is purely personal speculation, as are most things in fishing, and has to be considered alongside other things such as vibration, size, smell etc. Lure size is also very important for me, as is action. I doubt there is any one thing that makes a certain lure successful.
All these variables on any given day and in any given conditions are what makes lure fishing such an interesting method for me as it allows a certain amount of realtime experimentation which you can't do with bait fishing.
At the end of the day though, we all have colours and patterns that catch more for us than others and it's just as likely to be down to confidence after catching on something, then using it more than everything else, which builds confidence in it even further. It's a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Thanks for pointing out that book Derek, just ordered a copy.