Representatives of Britain's 3.5 million anglers have given their full backing to measures announced today by DEFRA minister Ben Bradshaw to protect freshwater fish stocks from serious damage as a result of increased predation by cormorants coming inland from the sea.
Since the 1970s there has been a massive increase in the number of cormorants coming inland and serious damage to fish stocks and the bio-diversity of fresh water fisheries. Current estimates suggest there are some 23,000 birds over wintering in Great Britain (17,000 in England alone) a rise of nearly 70% since 1989 alone. For the last ten years angling organisations have been pressing the government to free up the current restrictive licensing regime which allows cormorants only to be shot once damage has already occurred to a fishery. Anglers have been pressing for a significant increase in the number of licences issued to shoot cormorants to prevent damage to both fisheries and the bio-diversity of the waterside environment.
Salmon Smolt Predation
On the Exe in Devon, cormorant predation has increased by 500 % over the past 15 years, and is the major factor in the huge decline of mid range eels, bullheads, lower river English (indigenous) brown trout (virtually now extinct on lower Exe) and at least 50% of salmon smolts are thought to be taken before they even reach the sea.
Concrete spill on Trews weir on lower Exe (constructed by EA) is where smolts congregate (they always seem to above an obstacle). Up to 70 cormorants predate smolts at this point, together with the other species mentioned.
Coarse Fish Examples
The Rivers Lea (flows into Thames east of the city) and Trent (Nottinghamshire up to the Humber) are well-publicised examples of rivers impacted by cormorants. On the Lea, fish refuges have had to be constructed to counter the cormorant threat, and on the Trent (and many other rivers), cormorants have taken so many of the smaller, silver fish (roach, dace etc) that the population now consists of much smaller numbers of larger fish.
An example of a coarse stillwater heavily impacted by cormorants is Castle Howard Fishery in Yorkshire (Brideshead Revisited fame), where the fishery has had to be closed because of the destruction of the fish population through cormorant predation.
Fisheries and Nature Conservation Minister, Ben Bradshaw has completed a review of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 which implements the EU Birds Directive governing the circumstances under which birds can be culled. In answer to a Parliamentary question from Martin Salter MP, Mr Bradshaw announced the following measures to protect fish stocks whilst maintaining the conservation status of the cormorant as required by the Birds Directive:
- Licences will be issued for a period of two years, between 31 August and 15 April;
- There will be provision to extend to protect salmon and sea trout smolts or other vulnerable fish stock in designated spawning sites such as gravel shallows in rivers, licences to kill birds may be issued during the smolt run up to 1 May;
- Licences may be issued in advance to prevent problems occurring;
A new application requires a Defra assessor's visit;
- All sites will be visited every two years;
- Licences can be amended by telephone, fax or email;
- All licence holders must provide annual returns on the actual number of cormorants taken - failure to do so will mean immediate revocation of the licence.
The numbers of cormorants that may be shot under licence will increase from the current level of 600 a year. Mathematical modelling by the Central Science Laboratory suggests that the new procedures may permit up to 2000 cormorants annually to be culled with a possibility of up to 3000 annually in the short term without threatening the sustainability of the cormorant population.
These measures have followed several years of lobbying by angling and fisheries organisations on the issue, and a few recent weeks of intensive consultation between Defra and the Moran Committee Bird Group, represented by its Chairman, National Association of Fisheries and Angling Consultatives' Terry Mansbridge, and the Salmon & Trout Association's Paul Knight.
Terry Mansbridge said:-
“We welcome these changes of policy by Defra, which will significantly improve the ability of fishery managers to protect their fish stocks whilst not affecting the conservation status of the birds. Our thanks to the Minister and his department, and to Martin Salter MP for his efforts on our behalf.”
Paul Knight agreed:-
“We particularly welcome the added protection this will give vulnerable migrating salmon and sea trout smolts, together with spawning coarse fish and recently stocked fish in still waters.”
Speaking from the House of Commons on the day of the announcement newly elected President of the National Federation of Anglers, Terry Fell said:-
“What has been achieved today is proof positive of the advantages in working in co-operation with the government who clearly recognise the genuine concerns of Britain's 3.5 million anglers, many of whom have watched their fisheries devastated by cormorants in recent years. Our good working relationship with government ministers such as Ben Bradshaw and Richard Caborn is in marked contrast to the disgraceful scenes of violence that we saw outside Parliament when the Hunting Bill was being debated on Wednesday.”
Reading West MP, Martin Salter who is also the government's Parliamentary Spokesperson for Angling added:-
“Britain's anglers will be delighted that at long last action is being taken to halt the very serious damage to freshwater fish stocks that has occurred as a result of increased cormorant predation over the last 15 years. I believe that Ben Bradshaw has struck the right balance between safeguarding our fish populations whilst ensuring adequate protection for cormorants as required by law. The cormorant is a symptom of far wider problem, namely man's over exploitation of the sea and in particular our coastal fisheries. I hope that we can work with other conservation groups such as the RSPB in developing marine conservation zones similar to those in North America so that sea fish stocks can recover and the cormorant can return to its natural hunting ground.”
Copy of Ben Bradshaw's announcement of September 16th 2004 and accompanying press release Ref no. 362/04 can be found at www.defra.gov.uk
The full text of Ben Bradshaw's answer to Martin Salter's parliamentary question:
Mr Martin Salter (Reading West): To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, pursuant to the Answer of 20th May, Official Report, column 1084, on cormorant predation, what additional measures will be introduced to help angling clubs and fishing owners protect fish stock in freshwater fisheries from cormorant predation. [189283]
Mr Bradshaw After careful consideration of cormorant population dynamics and modelling I am announcing a new strategy to help fishery owners and angling interests deal with the problems caused by cormorants.
A revised licensing system will make it simpler to apply for licences to cull cormorants where serious damage to fisheries can be shown. The new system will presume that where significant numbers of cormorants are present at a site, and it is clear that these are feeding on fish stocks, serious damage is occurring, or there is a risk of serious damage. However this will continue to be confirmed on a case by case basis, to ensure that Defra is satisfied that there is no other solution in accordance with the law, and to ensure that there are significant numbers of cormorants feeding which are causing, or are likely to cause, serious damage. Defra will continue its research into non-lethal methods of managing cormorant populations. Further work will be undertaken, in the near future, to test the applicability of fish refuges, optimise their design and to determine their most cost-effective spatial arrangement for them in still waters, as well as looking at ways to resolve problems in rivers.
The licensing system will be made simpler in the following ways. Licences will be:
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Issued for a period of up to two years;
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Revoked or amended by Defra as necessary;
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Issued between 31 August and 15 April;
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Issued in advance to prevent problems occurring;
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Issued without an assessor's visit unless it is a new licence application or where circumstances have significantly changed. Every site will be visited at least once every two years, with site visits being undertaken more often if this is considered necessary;
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Licences can be amended by telephone, fax or by email;
We will also ensure that the Environment Agency and other Defra agencies are aware of the changes and encouraged to follow permitted procedures where appropriate.
In addition to the measures above, where it is necessary to protect salmon and sea trout smolts, we will be prepared to issue licences to kill birds during the smolt run up to 1 May. This extension will also apply to protect designated spawning sites, such as gravel shallows on rivers, for appropriate species of fish and fisheries. In addition those sites planning fresh stockings of fish in still waters will be able to obtain licences where such fish would be particularly vulnerable to attack.
The new licensing system is expected to lead to an increase in the number of cormorants culled. Mathematical modelling by the Central Science Laboratory suggests that the overall cormorant population would be reduced but would stabilise at a number significantly higher than its historic level. We will ensure that the cormorant population will be monitored through a refined Wetland Bird Survey count and, if necessary, the number of licences reduced in future years to ensure the stabilisation of the population.
The consequences of the new policy will be assessed on an annual basis and the number of cormorants allowed to be killed under licence adjusted as necessary to ensure stabilisation of the population. Defra will cease to issue licences for a period, and may consider revocation or suspension of licences currently issued, should the cormorant population not respond in the manner predicted. This will provide an added safety mechanism and will protect the conservation status of the bird, (as required under the Birds Directive), while providing enough flexibility to resolve fishery problems.
