Answers
1 Any rod with quiver tips in different strengths to cast out a maggot or groundbait feeder -
You don't want a long one if you're not casting very far, 9-11ft is adequate, but consider also strength based on the size of fish you're going to encounter. Feeders hold a certain amount of food to attract the fish and are attached to the mainline just above the hooklength, usually sliding along the line too. Drennan make some of the best, IMO.
2 A float that is attached at the bottom end only and is fixed in place on the line by split shot either side.
These can be loaded already (as above) with some weight or come without any weight relying on the shot the angler attaches. Made for fishing stillwaters and very slow deepish rivers. ABove are called Carp Crystals, but they will take other fish as well and Crystals is Drennan's name for a clear plastic float. They also do Peacock quills in roughly the same pattern.
3 Depends on how old the shopkeeper is, ask for peacock quills, that might help, but porcupine, crow and goose are hardly ever heard of. Search Ebay for some of those.
4 It's your back garden, your fishery, use barbless or barbed, whatever pleases you. Barbless are easier to get out of your thumb.
5 Fixed Spools are the norm in most cases, but there is a community that loves the old centrepins still. Buy a good one, recognised make like Daiwa or Shimano, that's all.
6 nothing wrong with them and who's going to laugh unless they've crashed into your back garden? Bread flake is still a cracking bait for winter chub, maggots for roach, dace and perch, worms for perch deffo. Think about sweetcorn also or small pieces of luncheon meat.
Just go for it. Forget anyone else and read mags and these pages. Keep asking questions, members here will be pleased to help.
Oh Boo-hoo, Jerry beat me to it, but I found soem illustrations....